Child Development Essays (379 words) - Learning, Ethology, Teaching

Child Development In a typical four year old child, many social developments can be viewed. Four year old children are more independent of adults, but yet they seem to want attention from them, as well as peers. They begin to ask permission and they find that the like to have an adult nearby. A child at this age tends to find companionship with the same sex friends, yet best friends change often. During cooperative play they use a lot of verbal speech. A four year old child is able to play alone, yet they will start to play games. Many changes can be viewed when comparing a three year old with a four year old. Robert Disanto has shown many social development skills. Robert enjoys spending time with his peers. Sometimes, Robert watches his peers to see whether or not what he is doing is right; as shown in Kates letter B lesson on 3/7. Robert has shown that he enjoys Tyler's company in Lindsey's nursery rhyme lesson on 3/14. In Katie's lesson on 3/14 Robert shows that he also enjoys Justin's presence as they danced together. On 3/14 Robert also shows that he likes parallel play when he says no to Kate when she asked him if she could play blocks with him. Robert only speaks to the teachers when he is asked a question or when he asks a question. He doesn't tend to seek approval from the teachers or his peers. Overall he seems to have developed socially in many ways. A typical four year old has also developed emotionally in many ways. Four year olds have a sense of humor and tend to help out and share with others. Other emotions start to show like fears, angers, jealousy, and sadness. Typical four year old starts to have bad dreams and they imagine creatures. Children at the age of four start to express their feelings more. Robert has shown his emotions in many ways during my observations. On 3/7 Kate was teaching a lesson on B when Robert smiled and hopped uncontrollably. In another example on 4/11 in Melinda's gross motor lesson, Robert scratched his head in confusion wondering what to do. These are all examples of a four year old child expressing their emotions. Social Issues

Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War Essays

Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War Essays Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War Essay Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War Essay In order to validate the statement, The years from 1952 to 1975 in U. S. history were marked by tremendous political and social turmoil that led to major changes in American society, one would have to evaluate the role played by the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War in bringing about and contributing to those changes.The purpose of this essay is to evaluate whether or not the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement indeed contributed to the social and political turmoil during the time period of 1952-1975 that changes American society in a major way. The Civil Rights Movement is considered to have started in the 1950s, when an open battle began against racial segregation and discrimination. The social factors that contributed to it were the growth of the urban black middle class, and the lasting impression of freedom offered to black soldiers during World War II.The political factors were the political mobilization of northern blacks, which dominated the Democratic Party at this time. After the Cold War ended, many white Americans joined the movement because they felt that the racial injustice was becoming an embarrassment to a country that wanted to be perceived by other nations as a model nation. People that played an important role were labor unions with substantial black membership, ministers, educators, students at black colleges, and other professionals.It was officially kicked off when the United States Supreme Court decided on May 17, 1954 to announce its decision to the Brown v Board of Education in Topeka. This decision declared that segregation of public schools utilizing any method based on race was considered unacceptable under the eyes of the law. This decision came with much tension, and also helped to bring awareness to many other issues of segregation in the South.When Rosa Parks decided to not give up her seat for a white passenger in 1955, it was answered in response by the Supreme Court ruling again that segregating public transportation was also to be illegal. One of the most known leaders of the Civil Rights Movement was Martin Luther King, Jr. His nonviolent methods of protesting racial injustice allowed for many people to join the cause due to the high moral approach that he utilized (Brinkley, p. 745-749. ) The Civil Rights Movement contributed to the major changes in American society.The reason that this is statement is validated is because the efforts of this turmoil during this period is realized today. They accomplished their goals, which were to end racial segregation and stand for equality for all American citizens. While Martin Luther King didn’t live to realize his accomplishments himself, he left behind a legacy that showed many that goals can be accomplished through nonviolent methods. The political changes are that laws were put into place to ensure the goals of Civil Rights activists are upheld.The social changes are that in most cases people are treated equally in regards to race. The Vietnam War, once called the most disastrous of all America’s undertakings over the whole 200 years of history by George Kennan (Brinkley, p. 773) was a war where the United States entered to support South Vietnam. The goal was to help South Vietnam maintain an anticommunist government. What began as providing aid, turned into intervention, and then full-fledged involvement.In the beginning, few Americans protested America’s involvement in the war, however this drastically changed as time continued. Peace marches took place in several major cities, including Washington, D. C. and New York. The Vietnam War was a huge factor in the turmoil of the time period. The turning point was the Tet Offensive, where the American people actually were able to see through news footage, the devastation that was occurring in Saigon, among other places in South Vietnam (Brinkley, p. 773-779).The statement is validated because people learned of what information was not originally being provided to them, and decided that the United States’ involvement should not continue at the extent that it was. The American people got their way with this issue because we succeeded this war. When looking at the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War together, it is quite apparent that these two had a dramatic impact on American political and social change. The American people moved in a different direction, opposing both where they once accepted both.

How to Conduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to Conduct - Research Paper Example To find answers to a research question, a research has to be undertaken. The two major approaches used in conducting a research is collection of secondary data or primary data (Ward & Wilkinson, 2006). However, in my research I used both secondary and primary data. I decided to use primary data collected in the course of the research. To collect these kind of data, I used a design of experiment with one of the learning institutions in these area as my sample, which I divided into different groups and administered different treatments to each group. The major resources used in my research were stationary and questionnaires. These were mainly for the collection of data used to draw a conclusion. I also had to compare the conclusion drawn from the data with information from the available literature concerning motivation and incentives. The main source of these literatures was the internet although I also consulted several library information sources. According to Steneck (2009), there are various rules that govern research in which some of them are federal rules, authorship and publication rules and confidentiality rule. As a person who values research I had to observe these rules from the beginning of my research to the end. From this research, I found out that incentive play a very great role in promoting students’ performance. However, I also found out that the roles motivation plays in enhancing students’ performance vary across the different types of motivation. I learned from this research that the outcome of a research depends on the type of data collected as well as the number of elements used in the collection of these

Comfort Letter Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comfort Letter - Case Study Example 1In the suit, Kleinwort Benson, or KB for brevity, proposed to extend a loan to MMC Metals Ltd or Metals for short, which is a subsidiary of Malaysia Mining Corporation (or Malaysia Ming). In the process of the lending proposal, KB requested from Malaysia Mining a letter to the effect that the latter would assure KB that Metals would pay the liability when it became due. At first, KB wanted to ask for a guarantee from Malaysia Mining. In essence, KB desired a situation that if Metals could not settle the debt, Malaysia Mining, as the parent company, would be under legal obligation to be subrogated into the shoes of Metals, the subsidiary. Malaysia Mining did not heed the call of KB. In lieu of the letter supposedly clearly defining the mother company as a guarantor of the debt of Metals, Malaysia Mining wrote a prudently crafted letter where it was stated that it was the policy of the company (Malaysia Mining) to ensure that Metals would always be in a capacity to pay back what was b orrowed from KB. The carefully worded correspondence is now the so-called comfort letter at issue. When Metals became troubled with insolvency owing to the predicaments of the tin industry because of the problematic world market, KB claimed payment from Malaysia Mining for the obligation of Metals. KB charged that Malaysia Mining had made a promise to prevent going into a situation where it could not pay its debts. The question now is whether or not Malaysia Mining is liable to KB on the basis of the language set forth in the comfort letter. The court that finally ruled the case answered in the negative. In this paper, independent views are hereby conveyed regarding the matter. The facts have to be analyzed in sufficient detail. At the outset, it is undisputed that KB requested from Malaysia Mining a documentary guarantee whereby the latter would have been bound by the accountability of its subsidiary. From this act and notion alone, it was readily clear that without that guarantee, KB was not holding on anything as would make Malaysia Mining a co-debtor or co-borrower of Metals. It was precisely because of this vacuum that KB asked for a written commitment from Malaysia Mining for the latter to give an assurance for the payment of the loan in the possibility that Metals would not be able to pay the debt. Malaysia Mining refused and the refusal manifestly exhibited the position of the parent corporation that it did not opt to become a co-borrower of its subsidiary or to stand as its guarantor. When KB pushed through with the loan covenant, it took the risk of probably failing to collect from Metals. When indeed Metals was not able to settle the liability, there was no reason to make Malaysia Mining legally responsible to tender payment based on the comfort letter which it sent to KB because, in the first place, there was nothing in the comfort letter making or even presuming Malaysia Mining to be so liable. Going to the language used by Malaysia Mining, the ruling in its favor became more convincing when it declared no commitment to pay for and in behalf of Metals by refusing to sign a guarantee. It simply made known a policy which was not a promise or a pledge. To make a comparison, one who says it is his policy to be honest is different from when he promises to be honest. A policy of the state for space exploration is not a promise for definite courses of action to explore the space. Neither

Process of Job Evaluation and Determining Pay

Process of Job Evaluation and Determining Pay Motivation is the process by which the behaviour of an individual is influenced by others, through their power to offer or withhold satisfaction of the individuals needs and goals. (BPP Learning Media, 2010) Motivation theories are divided into two different viewpoints. See content and process theories of motivation in (Appendix 1). Content theories emphasis what motivations are, whereas process theories emphasise the real process of motivation. On the other hand reward is something that employees achieve during their work. It can be financial when the company pays for their performance and it can be non-financial which in this case means that the company rewards employees by promotion, achievement and praise. Maslow puts forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work (Mullins, 2005). See (Appendix 2). Maslow mentions in his theory that managers following this theory deflect their attentiveness to offering complementary pleasing relationships, more attractive work, and more opportunities for self-fulfillment. On the other hand, Herzberg in his theory suggests that there are two basic needs of individuals such as hygiene factors (environmental factors) and motivation factors. See (Appendix 3). Managers following Herzbergs theory reject money as a motivator and pay attention to supplying more job enhancements. According to McGregors theory, managers may follow two different theories which is theory X and theory Y. Pursuant to theory X, the average employee dislikes work and will avoid it whether he/she knows what to do or not, that is why employers suggest Theory Y which leads them to do excellent job and managers offer opportunities to have a job done. However, McClelland focuses interest on providing employees with the capability to persuade their needs for success, power, and relationship. Companies use both positive amplification and negative amplification to motivate employees. Managers may use positive motivation techniques to persuade employees to create good quality job. Some managers may use negative motivation techniques to encourage employees and stop them from bad manners. However, companies reward their employees with both touchable products, as well as admire. Mangers may reward their employees by providing weekly or monthly bonus or free lunches, many managers reward their top employees by praising them. For example: Tesco uses two motivation theories Maslows and Herzbergs, see both hierarchies in (Appendix 4). Tesco uses Maslows theory because it suggests the company if they achieve one level then it motivates them to achieve the next one. Also Tesco aims to motivate its staff both by paying interest to hygiene factors and by enabling satisfiers. For example, Tesco motivates its staff by good communication, by giving responsibility and involving employees in decision making. Tesco allows the staffs to be part of the talks on pay rises. This shows credit of the work that staff does and rewards them. In Tesco, they reward staff for their works because it keeps motivating them at work and will carry on applying different motivation theories at work. Monetary reward uses by Tesco in a way of getting employees to welcome the complete value of their benefits package. Tesco also follows pension system and this usually includes pension assistance that the employer creates on the employees behalf and being process in payroll department. They also reward employees by giving them extra benefits such as car insurance and private medical insurance, by special offers and discounts. See Tescos reward system in (Appendix 5). Evaluate the process of job evaluation and other factors determining pay The Process of Job Evaluation: Job evaluation is a systematic process for defining the relative worth or size of jobs within an organisation in order to establish internal relativities. It provides the basis for designing an equitable grade and pay structure, grading jobs in the structure and managing job and pay relativities.(Armstrong, 2006) Job evaluation is really an extensive process and it must follow in a systematic approach. At the beginning of this process management must make clear to its employees the reason of this program and importance of it. After that a group has been fixed where all the knowledgeable HR specialists and employees are included. In the next step organisation chooses the job from each department that they are going to evaluate. Then the selected job is investigated in detail by the committee. Next, the committee chooses a method for the job evaluation. There are two methods that can be followed to evaluate a job and these are: Analytical points rating, factor comparison, proprietary brands; and Non-analytical job ranking, job classification, paired comparisons. The other factors determining pay: The pay, which is an award for work, can be influenced by various factors and it creates some difference between the roles and the organisations. Those factors are as follows: Size of the organisation, Seniority, Skills and experience, Industry sector, Profitability of the organisation, Employee performance. See (Appendix 6) for more detail. The effectiveness of reward systems in different contexts Bratton and Gold (2003) define a reward system as The mix of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards provided by the employer. It also consists of the integrated policies, processes, practices and administrative procedures for implementing the system within the framework of the human resources (HR) strategy and the total organisational system. There are two types of rewards: Extrinsic rewards which are tangible rewards that employee receives for their good performance, such as bonuses, salary raise, gifts, promotion, compensation and commissions. Intrinsic rewards are inclined to give personal satisfaction to an employee, such as information, feedback, recognition, trust and relationship. Employee bonus systems are positive strategies and they can provide actual motivation. Moreover to monetary thoughts; bonus systems take into account factors such as attendance, customer service, quality, group and individual performance. Also bonuses increase employees motivation and output. It improves employees morale and increases their self-esteem. However, a carefully planned bonus scheme can improve retention which helps to preserve the best employees. Salary raise is the other types of reward system and it is one of the most significant motivators for the employee, also it is the key motivation behind an employees performance. Promotion is one of the most important types of reward system, where an organisation rewards an employee by moving them from their position to a higher position. Promotion improves employees morale and job satisfaction. However, improved performance is an effectiveness of reward system; it helps the employee to perform better at work in order to get extra reward from the organisation. At the same time employees also put their efforts, skills and knowledge which help them to learn something new. However, reward system also boosts profit, where a company has good opportunity to make profit because employee works honestly and carefully. It also helps to bring positive psychological contract between employees and the organisation; it creates a better working environment and helps organisation to keep gifted, potential employees with them. Examine the methods organisations use to monitor employee performance. There are some methods that are used by Tesco to monitor their employees performance. Tesco uses observation and feedback to monitor their employees performance. In this system Tesco hires someone to monitor the performance of the employee, after that this person provides straightforward feedback. By observing and providing feedback Tesco can give the accurate shape to the employees of what is expected from them. Tesco also uses performance standards and it is one of the employee performances monitoring system where performance has been compared with the criterion and where employee needs to accomplish this criterion. In this system performance must be realistic, measurable and expressed in terms of time, quality, cost, quantity, effect, or manner of performance. Performance evaluation is another method that used by Tesco to determine the actual job performance of an employee against chosen performance standards. In Tesco employees are interviewed to talk about their performance to identify strengths and weaknesses, and to create a plan how to improve weaknesses and increase strengths. Tesco also uses a method known as 360-degree appraisal (Business Case Studies, 2013). In this method all Tescos stakeholders evaluate an employees performance and give them feedback. For example, a manager of one department gets feedback from their manager from HR department and their team. Conclusion: The conclusion of this report shows that employees motivation and reward are very important. There are many types of theories of motivation such as Maslows, Herzbergs, McClellands and McGregors theories. Each theory has a slightly different view of leaders and employees motivation. Motivation is managers action to influence employees behaviour at work, so that perform as required in order to achieve organisational goals. Reward management can be view as a type of management practice where employees are rewarded for their performance. Rewards can be tangible and intangible benefits for the employee as part of employment relationship. Employees consider the reward as a return in exchange of their performance being appreciated by their employer.

The wise judge

Anna and Her Toys Once there was a little girl named Anna who is very active in her class. She participates in all the contests and she always wins. She always perfects her quizzes and she always recites in their discussions. She is the top of their class. Her parents are very proud of her achievements and as a reward they give everything that she wants. She demanded for toys and for new gadgets. They gave her everything she asked for.So she played all day long and forgotten all her assignments. She didn't want to study because she is so distracted with her toys and gadgets. She didn't even want to go to school anymore. She Just wanted to stay at home and play. Because of that, her grades became low and she's not the top of her class anymore. Her parents even scolded her but she didn't care because she loves her toys and gadgets so much. One night, the little girl dreamt about her toys.They became bigger than she is and they were holding her parents taking them away from her, she tri ed to chase them and save them but she was way too small to keep up. Anna woke up crying and went running to the room of her parents. She hugged them and promised them that she will study very well again and be the top of her class. She then kept her toys In a box and only played with them when she finishes her home works and at weekends.

Aim and Objectives of a Business

Aims And ObjectiveAims are the goal the business wants to achieve while on the other hand objectives are practical steps to achieve the goal; it is very beneficial to set aims and objectives because it will help the business to be successful whether the goals are good or bad. Failing to set aims objectives will invariably make the business fails or damage it in the long term. In every business sector, Aims and objectives are essential be it private, public and non-for profit organisations. When businesses set aims and objectives, there is a greater degree of a tendency for the business to reach its potential goal or vision. When private sector businesses provide goods and services, they in turn make profit.For example, Aldi as a private limited company delivers value and lower prices for their customers to gain their loyalty and to maximise profits. They able to deliver in this manner due to increase sales and reducing cost of productions. All these processes bring about increase an d expansion of the business. Public Sector organisations are owned and controlled by the government (or local government). They provide quality services to their customers by helping to provide public services to their customers. These services are often free at the point of delivery e.g. the NHS. They provide goods paid for by the consumer.For example, if I pay for a ‘sexually transmitted disease (VD) jab I will benefit directly by being less likely to be in discomfort with the sexually transmitted disease (VD). But others also benefit because they are not going to catch the sexually transmitted disease from me. Another example of Public sector goods are ‘non-rival’ in consumption and ‘non-excludable’ in provision. An example of this is street lighting. If I walk down the street, taking the benefit of the street lights, the light I ‘consume’ leaves no less light for anyone else to consume. Because the good is ‘non-excludableâ€℠¢ a private business would have trouble making money out of it, so they tend not to bother.For this reason these goods are unlikely to be provided at all unless the government provides them out of general taxation which rest on the citizenry to pay. Not-for profit sector they raise funds to support a cause like helping people in need, they make surplus after the expenses of the business then, they reinvest the profits back into the business for expansion. They increase revenue from donations to carry out its various projects like water aid, schools and hospitals that are needed in Africa  countries.The Purpose For Setting Aims And ObjectivesThe purpose or reason for setting aims and objectives is because they are beneficial to the business whether good or bad. It is important to note that the business that does not set aims and objectives is band to fail or damage. As a business you make plans, SMART objectives have to be in place for the business to move forward and for it to rea ch its desire goal. It is also important to write out your mission statement because when you write out your mission, it become the vision that propels the business forward..Setting aims and objectives help the business to make profit for example you want to make 100% every week but without the aims and objectives you will not be able to measure your achievement or progress in your business. Sitting aims objectives will enable you to check if you have reached your set goals and objectives. It will also help you to be realistic and time-bound in your business goals. It also will help you reach your set targets, for example your aim is to make more profit in your business the time-bound will help you to know what you have achieved or if you are behind.The aims that would be appropriate for the sandwich shop are: To make profit as much as possible by maximising the profit and also increase sales. Growth for the business to expand and to have more sandwich branches. The sandwich shop ha s to stay in business until the business improves.ObjectivesThe sandwich shop has to provide a quality service to their customer to win them over to increase sales. The sandwich shop can reduce cost in order to retain and gain more customers. The sandwich shop can improve the quantity of the sandwich in order to stay and compete with other businesses.