Political Institutions And Their Effect On Economic Policy Essays

Political Institutions And Their Effect On Economic Policy Exposition: Political Institutions and their Effect on Economic Policy Laura Lynn Wantz Political Theory 182 Area #28 November 30, 2000 Envision, maybe, a nation with no political establishments. A nation administered by political agitation. What sort of financial approach would this nation have or would it have one by any stretch of the imagination? Presently envision a nation with profoundly amazing and controlled political establishments. What sort of monetary strategy would this nation have? The two invented nations referenced above would positively have very distinctive financial arrangements. The first would most likely be fortunate to try and have a monetary strategy by any stretch of the imagination. Its residents would live in a universe of monetary vulnerability, never knowing what their future may hold. Then again, the residents of the subsequent nation, albeit potentially discontent with their ruler, would in any event have a quite smart thought of their financial future. These residents would have the option to put their cash in banks and trade it in universal markets. They could put something aside for their future without the dread of having everything taken from them at some random second. What is it however that makes the financial arrangements of these nations so unique? While there are unmistakably numerous factors that influence a nation's monetary arrangement, in this paper I might want to contend that the most significant one is the nearness or absence of solid political organizations. Initially huge countries or political states did not exist. The rule that everyone must follow was each man for himself. As time went on little groups of individuals started to frame. In the starting enrollment in such gatherings was deliberate, however those who joined before long learned of the advantages of collaboration. With time these groups increased and bigger and it was obvious that a few gatherings were more grounded than others. The most grounded of these gatherings became what is known as wandering scoundrels. (Olson 1993,568). On the off chance that the wandering desperados can be seen as the main type of political establishment then the financial arrangement they authorized was one of disorder. They attacked the wide open spaces taking whatever they believed they required or needed with no view concerning what might be left over for whenever they came through. As these meandering criminals advanced they understood that on the off chance that they were to settle in one region they could without much of a stretch increment their benefits. The enormous increment in yield that ordinarily emerges from the arrangement of a serene request and other open products gives the fixed criminal a far bigger take than he could get without giving government. (On the same page). The arrangement of governments and political organizations by meandering criminals prompted extraordinary monetary approach changes. Done assuming the job of criminals these recently shaped governments dumped their arrangement of taking what ever they could get their hands on and supplanted it with a framework of taking as much as possible without financially obliterating their subjects. With the utilization of political foundations, for example, charge gatherers the now fixed desperados had the option to implement another financial arrangement. In this way, one could state that through the foundation of political foundations the criminals had the option to totally change their financial approach. Clearly, changing from a total absence of political foundations to a framework situated in organizations is going to change financial approach, yet in this day and age there are not many spots, assuming any, that totally need political establishments. Curiously enough not exclusively is monetary strategy connected to the nearness of political establishments it is likewise reliant upon the quality of each. In the course of the last couple of hundreds of years the industrialized world has placed into place a great many political foundations. The state has become the most fundamental unit of political force. Through these organizations nations have had the option to assemble national banks, financial exchanges, and monetary devices, for example, the Federal Reserve. Through these organizations governments have had the option to control the stream and estimation of their cash. As history additionally lets us know the best of these nations have been those whose political establishments are steady, unsurprising, and solid. The political establishments in these nations have had the option to execute financial strategies for an expansive scope. From the communism of Norway to the free enterprise of the United States the fact of the matter is that these approaches would not have been conceivable without the nearness of solid political organizations. The most ideal approach to demonstrate this point, however, would need to be to contemplate the inquiry of what might befall the monetary approaches of these nations if their establishments were to be debilitated extensively? It might appear to be sensible to demonstrate that the quality of political establishments is legitimately identified with financial strategy by refering to instances of

Medical Care in the United States

Clinical Care in the United States Paper ECO/372 Principles of Macroeconomics 26 September 2012 Mr. James Geffert The Medical Care in the United States Paper composed by Team C will distinguish the foundation, strategy, and effect of paid clinical consideration. The examination of Great Britain and Canada, the general medicinal services financial plan is itself a roof; in contrast to the United States. The Medicare Payroll charge on speculation salary producing results in 2012 will be extended to incorporate unmerited pay. The new medicinal services bill is another endeavor at making social insurance work for the residents of the United States.The Senate worked for quite a long time over the bill, and arrived at a finish of what the bill will incorporate. The Senate Health Bill will give inclusion to 94% of Americans with clinical protection. The medicinal services bill is arranged decline the government shortage by $127 billion out of ten years, and lessens the deficiency by $777 bi llion of every twenty years. In the United States before the 1920’s a great many people were treated in their home for ailments. Just a couple of organizations had offered medical coverage to representatives; a great many people paid out of their pocket. The specialists didn't have gigantic measure of data about infections and their treatments.The cutting edge innovation and information on the maladies got important to bring patients into medical clinics; thinking about them appropriately. This clinical expense of care was high and individuals couldn't manage the cost of it! The Great Depression aggravated it for clinical consideration in America. One of the main human services projects to help individuals with clinical costs originated from Baylor medical clinics in Dallas; changed over to Blue Cross. The expense of care kept on ascending because of medication, science, and emergency clinics making propels in their capacity to fix the debilitated. More individuals were going to medical clinics and specialists for care.The Blue Shield was and protection covering administrations just specialists performed. This protection began developing quickly in the late 1930’s as a manner for specialists to guarantee they got pay for work performed. The Blue Cross and Blue Shield were having more back up plans started entering the medicinal services showcase once they saw the achievement. During World War II because of the deficiency in labor, more managers started to offer medical coverage as an advantage. This advantage got standard for bosses and the administration urges boss to do as such through duty incentives.The charge impetuses were working most all different nations and beginning national human services frameworks. The administration pays for and manages clinical consideration administrations for its kin across the nation. Presently no well off country neglects to give a thorough medicinal services framework for its kin that are free or economical. The United States have approximately 50 million Americans, 16 percent of the populace; no medical coverage. Most of the populace that fall into this classification is the generally poor and most range in age from eighteen to thirty-four.The Studies have demonstrated this number has expanded significantly since the 1970’s. Research by the Kaiser Family Foundation finds â€Å"those without medical coverage pass on more youthful or work less because of interminable wellbeing conditions, and face industrious individual budgetary issues welcomed on by illnesses;† distributed by Jeff Madrick in 2012. He additionally found that a Harvard Medical School study discovered approximately 45,000 passings a year are related with absence of health care coverage. The static clinical data thought that it was hard to carry on with a typical solid existence without ailment and disease; without access to appropriate clinical coverage.For numerous individuals are compelled to utilize an op en emergency clinic for treatment as a last plan of action to a medical problem generally do so past the point of no return. The expenses for an ignored physical issue or an infection are cosmically high. The details are 17 percent of the Gross Domestic Product for human services is being paid by one out of each six American. This number is a lot higher than some other well off country by a long shot and our human services framework isn't quantifiably better and frequently extensively more awful. The social insurance change is fundamentally two Acts in which President Obama marked into law in 2010.The two acts show restraint Protection and Affordable Care Act, and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. The laws can possibly guarantee numerous Americans that can't bear the cost of social insurance might be qualified for Medicaid benefits. The laws likewise guaranteed that people with prior ailments have a superior chance to acquire clinical protection through their boss. Companies will get impetuses for expanding their qualification necessities on previous ailments. The demonstrations will be subsidized by expanding charges on people that have a yearly salary of over $200,000.The government will burden people that have endeavored to guarantee no money related assistance from the administration. The administration will guarantee people salary is sufficient to pay for their own clinical consideration. These demonstrations additionally express any individual doesn't have clinical protection with their boss will be required to acquire an endorsed private gathering protection approach. The person without inclusion will be punished. The main people will be excluded from this demonstration are those people that are individuals in a strict order and are absolved by the Internal Revenue Service, or are in a money related hardship and have applied to be exempt.These acts are relied upon to produce full results by 2014. At that point all people will be required to agree to the standards and guideline of these demonstrations by that time allotment or take care of punishments. There are numerous contentions over the Obama’s organization proposition for social insurance change. Republicans and the Democrats are continually differing over each other’s thoughts. The Obama organization recommend that there a particular territories that should be tended to a managed with regards to clinical consideration. A couple of territories are cost, avoidance and treatment of incessant conditions, and furthermore a deficiency of specialists and nurses.There is additionally numerous other key focuses that was tended to in the clinical change proposition. The particular regions that were referenced should have been tended to, for example, cost the organization felt the expense of protection ought to be reasonable so everybody can have clinical protection for themselves just as their entire family. The deficiencies of specialists and med ical attendants the Obama organization accepts our nation needs more specialists or medical caretakers to give care to all individuals in the whole nation and just as the specialists and medical attendants to acknowledge a wide range of insurances.Prevention and treatment of constant conditions were not generally secured by protection because of interminable torment since that is ordinarily a prior physical issue. In the event that an individual had a previous physical issue their protection had the alternative to deny inclusion to the patient. The gathering must guarantee the entirety of the territories should have been tended to and furthermore endorsed so the people are influenced by these predetermined zones. On account of the Obama organization people can manage the cost of their clinical protection, can get treatment for their ceaseless torments, and more specialists and medical caretakers are available.In July 2010 Obama allocated Donald M. Berwick as head for Medicare and Me dicaid. His thought during the ideal opportunity for clinical consideration was no unnecessary passings, redistributing medicinal services to all who are wiped out and keep an eye on the individuals who are less blessed. Social insurance and clinical consideration is significant. The working people with families, who are not in the white collar class, require moderate social insurance. As indicated by the Heritage Foundation, â€Å"President Obama care puts the medicinal services framework off kilter and will grow the job of the government in each segment of Americans’ social insurance. President Obama care is the continuous human services change. The medicinal services change ensures U. S. residents that might not have protection or not gave medical coverage through their manager. It likewise requires U. S. inhabitants to have medical coverage whether through their bosses or private separate insurance agencies. This change is sensational, particularly to the individuals who don't have social insurance and don't need to pay it. It is said that all U. S. residents are commanded to have protection and pay protection regardless of whether they are not utilizing it.Even organizations will be ordered to give reasonable protection whether it is a huge organization or private company. Such procedures are so imperative to American residents since it is such a major change, for any person, in any situation. In England and Canada the wellbeing framework is financed by general tax assessment income, including a little legal protection duty, and private installments. The Medicare gives access to financed clinical administrations, sponsored pharmaceuticals, and free emergency clinic treatment as an open patient. President Obama recommended to Congress minor acclimations to Medicare, he implied it.His proposed plan to Medicare and Medicaid will tidy up the social insurance framework and spare $321 billion more than 10 years. The arrangement didn’t recognize a ny proposition to essentially handle Medicare's drawn out auxiliary issues. President Obama's spending proposition infers Medicare cost decrease has been executed in an earlier year's medicinal services law. The arrangement appears to spare now and pay in the later years. Congress will have a major impact in future arranging evaluating seniors will pay twice a portion of their social insurance costs cash based by 2030. REFERENCES:Obama Deficit Plan May Rely on Inflated Health Care Savings, National Journal; 9/24/2011, p7-7, 1p, Sanger-Katz, Margot New York Review of Books, Jeff Madrick, 2012; recovered 09/22/2012; http://www. nybooks. com/articles/documents/2012/jun/21/obama-and-medicinal services straight-story/http://www. merriam-webster. com The Heritage Foundation. (2012). Recovered from http://www. legacy. organization/issues/social insurance/obamacare Healthcare Czar in Obamacare. (2010, June). Tolerant Protection and Affordable Care Act , (), 17-18. Recovered from http://www. cchfreedom. organization/pr/ObamaCareCzar. pdf

Word of the Week! Suborbital Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Suborbital Richmond Writing As the summer moves along, I review old syllabi and create new ones. Ive not taught my course The Space Race for a few years, but I did review the course materials and the word suborbital popped up. Its a newcomer, with The OED only dating it to 1950. That term describes not the free-fall of something orbiting the earth, but a specific altitude where one experiences a short period of weightlessness. Humans have been there, and beyond, since the early 1960s, with Alan Shepherd being the first American to do so. For those with enough money, however, there are now other options. Suborbital flights will likely be in the news soon, as Sir Richard Bransons latest craft, VSS Unity, has completed test flights and may, within a few months, take paying passengers to the edge of space. When I explained suborbital fight to my students, I used the old cliche what goes up MUST come down. You can see it in the following image of the first two Project Mercury flights.Note the vertex (highest point) of the parabola and the brief duration of the journey. NASAs little Redstone rocket, a borrowed Army missile based in Werher von Brauns V-2, did not have the power to lift a capsule and astronaut into a true orbit, where an object is under the influence of gravity without any drag acting upon it. It falls forever but unlike a skydiver, the object in orbit has its decent checked by its forward momentum around the Earth. That perfect balance can last for a few hours or even years, if the spacecraft occasionally boosts its orbit, but for those like Alan Shepard or Sir Richards spacefarers, the craft do not attain free fall. They skim into the edges of space, then begin to descend. For a few moments, as they fall, travelers experience zero gravity (and Virgin Galactic customers f ind their wallets about a quarter million dollars lighter). Perhaps in the era of cheaper access to space, costs will drop as they once did for airline travel. For now, experiencing suborbital flight seems a luxury for the rich, but so did transcontinental air travel during my parents lifetime. Now we complain about legroom and the food and do not even look out the windows. Addendum 6/25/18: Dr. Peter Smallwood, UR Department of Biology, reminds me that For me, suborbital is a vein, bone, or a fracture in the bone just below the eye.   That is the OEDs first definition, but to space-junkies like me, anything about human spaceflight drowns out the rest. Virgin Galactic and suborbital fight images courtesy of Wikipedia. This blog will continue all summer, so nominate a word by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Words of the Week  here.

Cocoa Production in West Africa - 1588 Words

By Darren Francis 10/22/2010 Cocoa Production in West Africa This map shows the main cocoa production areas in West Africa. The patterns shows on this map indicate that the Southern coastline of West Africa is a major cocoa bean producing area. The pattern starts at Sierra Leone and follows the coastline down to Cameroon. Some exception to this pattern is in Nigeria, in the area of Port Harcourt there is no production and in Benin there is also no production. The brighter orange as indicated on the map which is the main part of Cà ´te d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) and Ghana accounts for 60% - 2.2 million metric tons of World cocoa production while all cocoa production in West Africa accounts for more than 70% - of World cocoa production.†¦show more content†¦Young boys whose ages range from 12 to 16 have been sold into slave labour and are forced to work in cocoa farms in order to harvest the beans, from which chocolate is made, under inhumane conditions and extreme abuse. Top five producing countries of Cocoa in 2007-2008 Country | Amount produced | Percentage of world production | Cà ´te d Ivoire | 1.3 million tons | 37.4% | Ghana | 720 thousand tons | 20.7% | Indonesia | 440 thousand tons | 12.7% | Cameroon | 175 thousand tons | 5.0% | Nigeria | 160 thousand tons | 4.6% | The countries in bold are all from the West African region which shows how important the West African region is for world cocoa production. Two main issues with cocoa are child labourers and climate change. CHILD LABOUR If we eat chocolate then through trading in some way we are all involved whether it is the governments, the farmers, the chocolate manufacturers, or consumers who unknowingly buy chocolate we are all responsible for the atrocity that is child labour in West Africa. A UNICEF study reports that 200,000 children are trafficked yearly in West and Central Africa. The trafficking occurs across many countries including Cameroon, Nigeria, and Ghana. Slave traders traffic boys ranging from the age of 12 to 16 from their home countries and sell them to cocoa farmers in Cote d Ivoire. They work on small farms across the country, harvesting the cocoa beans day andShow MoreRelatedNestle Is A Food And Beverage Company996 Words   |  4 Pagesretrieves them from, and some of the views outsiders have on the product as well as the company. When the phrase, â€Å"What ingredients are in a Butterfinger?† is typed into a local search engine a list appears. This list of ingredients includes, sugar, cocoa, soybean oil, hydrogenated palm kernel oil, and many others. My research continued when I decided to figure out where all the ingredients were supplied from. This was quite a challenge since Nestle keeps most of their suppliers a secret, howeverRead MoreThe Hershey Milk Chocolate Bar1468 Words   |  6 Pagesstill be if more people knew how it came to be that? One of chocolates main ingredients is cocoa. Cocoa, or cocoa beans come from tropical areas around the world, but is mostly found on the Ivory Coast in West Africa. Hershey, along with Mars and Nestle are the three major companies that buy their cocoa from West Africa, but with further investigation, it has been known that over 4,400 children work on those cocoa farms that they buy from. Hershey has bought and produced tons of chocolate for over 50Read MoreChild Labor, Slavery, And Human Trafficking1703 Words   |  7 Pagesto remedy the problem. Within their $60-billion industry, chocolate companies have the power to end the use of child labor and slave labor by paying cocoa farmers a living wage for their product. The chocolate industry is also being called upon to develop and financially support programs to rescue and rehabilitate children who have been sold to cocoa farms. To date, the industry has done little to remove child labor, let alone aid survivors of child labor. Hershey’s, the largest chocolate manufacturerRead MoreCocoa Production in Ghana: A Mechanism for Biodiversity Conservation1313 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction When it comes to intensive farming systems, many rural farmers face a trade-off between agricultural production and biodiversity . In order to protect the biodiversity, farmers must sacrifice agricultural production. Hence, the challenge is to continuously expand food production while bearing no negative effects on biodiversity. These negative effects widely include deforestation, disrupting ecosystem integrity and species viability. In light of these issues, better farming technologiesRead MoreThe Solutions Of Chocolate Shortages1232 Words   |  5 Pagessupply of cocoa has been a big problem caused by different factors. We should analyze the problems, causes and effects, and the solutions in order to produce a more and better quality of cocoa. Asian courtiers are one of the potential cocoa production places in the future according to Fay Fay Choo, Asia cocoa director at Mars, said† I think Asia is where growth is going to be for the next 10-20 years.† (Confectionery, 2 015) It’s important to analyze the problems which cause a shortage in cocoa. AfterRead MoreBulgarias Foreign Trade with Chocolate1332 Words   |  6 Pagescountries in West Africa, such as Cote d’Ivoire. The production of chocolate takes place in several stages. First, the bitter cacao seeds have to be fermented so that their intense bitter taste becomes milder. After fermentation, the beans are dried, cleaned and roasted. The cocoa mass is then obtained, which represents pure chocolate in rough form. When this mass is liquefied, it is transformed into chocolate liquor, which, on the other hand, may be further processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butterRead MoreGlobal Chocolate Shortages Coming : What Will Need For Be Done About Alternatives And Economic Effects?1068 Words   |  5 Pagesshortages are cocoa shortages and over consumption. It has a close relationship between them that cocoa bean is a basis of chocolate. Climate changes and pestilence in Africa which is a chief producer, was culprit. It needs about two to five years to get new cacao tress to produce new cocoa beans. It even needs to take 10 years to reveal traits worth preserving (Harris 2014). Walters (2015, p.4) al so holds the same opinion that about 70 percent of world’s cocoa beans have hurt production because ofRead MoreEssay about Bittersweet: Unwrapping the Hidden Side of Chocolate1355 Words   |  6 Pagesin the British West Indies. Sugar, as well as slaves, played a vital role in the Atlantic Triangular Trade among the Americas, Europe and Africa. Slaves were the working force in this trade network because they harvested the cash crops that circulated around the Atlantic Ocean. A form of slavery very similar to those in the sugar plantations of the Caribbeans is child labor in the modern cocoa industry. Cocoa trees only thrive in humid regions near the equator, which is why two West African countriesRead MoreDescription Of Company And Problem Of Nestle905 Words   |  4 Pagesequality and good morals in the workplace. 8. Agriculture and rural development †¢ The company offers contributions for improvements in multiple agricultural production areas, resulting in more environmentally sustainable systems and communities. 9. Environmental sustainability †¢ The corporation makes sure that all business activities and production are environmentally sustainable. Nestlà © promotes using renewable resources and the use of natural resources. 10. Water †¢ Finally, Nestlà © is dedicated toRead MoreThe Importance of the Slave Trade to the Development of the Plantation Economies1230 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of plantation economies, which could only expand and survive in the West Indies with the use of slave labour. The slave trade brought enslaved Africans from Africa to colonies in the West Indies, which had begun to take part in the sugar Revolution starting in 1640. The plantation system which essentially is the organization of agriculture on a large scale usually producing a single crop such as sugar, coffee, cocoa and tobacco, small farmers were pushed out and a few large plantation rose

Suetonius Strengths and Weaknesses - 1016 Words

The ancient historian Suetonius was born in the year AD 69, when his father, a Roman knight, served as a colonel in a regular legion and took part in the Battle of Baetricum. From the letters of Suetoniuss close friend Pliny the Younger we learn that he practiced briefly at the bar, avoided political life, and became chief secretary to the Emperor Hadrian. The historian Spartianus records that he was one of several Palace officials, including the Guards Commander, whom Hadrian, when he returned from Britain, dismissed for behaving indiscreetly with the Empress Sabina. Suetonius lived a great life as a historian and biographer and wrote many books. The titles of his books are recorded as follows: The Twelve Caesars; Royal Biographies;†¦show more content†¦Suetonius tried to give his readers insights into the characters of individual Caesars through a wide variety of means, including, for instance, descriptions of their physical appearance which was thought by ancient peop le to be a clear index of a persons character. That brings about the question of if Suetonius is a credible source for the lives of the Caesars. People could say that it has nothing to do with how the Caesars worked as Caesars and the material he gives is of unimportance to us, therefore being a weakness in his works. The Romans did care of how the Caesars lived in their personal lives though because that was of great importance to them. This to the people of Rome is a great strength is Suetonius works. To build upon a greater strength for Suetonius he did understand the emperors were administrators to the Roman world. When writing about the emperors job he does add everything that being an emperor is all about. He talks about the geography. He subdivides socially, the treatment of the senate, the equestrian order, the Roman citizens, and the slaves. He deals with the areas of public life, religion, military, and civilian. So all though he talks a lot about the personal lives of the Caesars he does include a big amount of how the Caesars did their jobs. Suetonius brought about a new style of biographies of the Caesars. Some believe it was to be for the good of society, and someShow MoreRelatedComparing Suetonius And Tacitus1175 Words   |  5 PagesThe accounts of emperor Tiberius’ reign by both Suetonius and Tacitus have qualities that serve to show how differing authors viewed Tiberius in various flattering and unappealing ways by their personal reasoning and desire t o preserve truth as much as possible in scope of their respective intentions to provide scholars with treatments of him that give a through picture of his traits, strengths and weaknesses. Overall, by examining both accounts of Tiberius’ reign, readers are able to form independentRead MoreEmperors of the Roman Empire1028 Words   |  4 PagesEmperors In Ancient Rome, the government was controlled by an emperor starting with Julius Caesar. After his death, men jockeyed for power throughout the next several centuries. Each emperor had his own strengths and weaknesses which made them either beloved or hated by their people. If loyalty to the people and doing what is best for the citizens of the nation or state is the most important criteria on which to judge an emperor, then the success or failure of the emperor can be judged by comparingRead MoreAgrippina Strengths And Weaknesses996 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Agrippina’s strengths were also her greatest weaknesses. Her political ability and ambition were great strengths of character, as was her determination, but at times she aimed too high and was ultimately brought down by the very traits that had enabled her to achieve positions of power. Agrippina was able to become one of the most significant women of the Ancient Roman World, but at the same time she was considered manipulative, and was despised by many, including eventually her son - theRead MoreWhat Are Source, Form, And Redaction Criticism?1940 Words   |  8 Pagestime. 3.) From an evangelical perspective, what are the strengths and weaknesses of each? Scholars use form criticism to deny Scripture and the form-critics have a bias against supernaturalism and believe that the miracles of Jesus were created. The German scholar Rudolf Bultmann believed that the Bible needed to be stripped of its miraculous accounts, and be â€Å"demythologized† in order to be accepted by modern society. A strength of form criticism that I see is the amount of proven accuracyRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay13163 Words   |  53 Pages and ancient Egyptians had called Ammon The Invisible, so any other attribution is superfluous. The animal dedicated to the cult of Ammon was ram-aries, one of the astral fire signs, with the active male principle and the symbol of Pure Will strength, that stands behind everything , which initiates each significant event and crushes all obstacles (like aries or thunder). The thought and vision, now become action. Only through action does it take form, power and is transformed into reality. The

World Hunger And Poverty Free Essays

The population of Brazil is growing rapidly. If its present rate of growth of 2. 8 percent continues, it will soon become the most populous country in the Western Hemisphere. We will write a custom essay sample on World Hunger And Poverty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although Brazil is rich in natural resources and has significant economic growth, most of the benefits have gone to the rich. Forty percent of the population is under fifteen years of age, and unemployment is high. Population growth in the cities has made it difficult for the government to provide education, health care, water, sanitation, food, and housing for the poor. What steps if any, should be taken to provide for the poor and needy people in this country? The current economic crisis shaking the global economy has prompted many nations to review their economic policies to cope with the challenges of minimizing the impact of recession brought about by instability of securing markets, associated demand and questionable production supply and raw materials. As it stands, the world’s leading nations are in trouble of entering an even greater crisis brought about by. It must be understood that the resources that are provided are finite in relation to the needs and wants of human beings. This mismatch is a problem that must be dealt with immediately and effectively because if this is allowed to continue there will not be enough for everyone and the basic needs for survival cannot even be provided adequately. As the Brazilian model has shown, the country does not even have the basic provisions that are necessary for survival. The population is suffering and the government is unable to make any lasting progress because of the problems that it is facing. Key to finding a lasting solution is in understanding the root cause of the problem. A quick look at the world population reveals that while global economies are reeling from one economic uncertainty to the next, the need for goods and services of their respective populace are increasing as rapidly as their population increases and matures. Putting this in the context of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs an upward pressure is placed upon the demand for the basic necessities such as food and natural resources and the aspiration for self-actualization becomes more and more undeniable. This brings to mind the fact that as long as there is poverty, peace is hardly attainable; and if governments do not secure the basic needs, peace and stability may never become a reality (Issit 2). From this, it is clear that there is an urgent need for the governments all over the world to curb if not control the growth of their respective populations. The first reason is because of the enormous strain that this is putting on the world’s resources could trigger over inflation (Issit 2). This can be best explained by a simple supply and demand model. When there is a shortage of supply and the demand for the good remains constant. This simply means that there is less of the good that is available and the same number of people wants the good. This can be likened to a bidding war where there is only one item and people offer the seller as much as they can to be able to attain it thus raising the price and eliminating all those who do not have enough resources to compete. Conversely, when there is an oversupply and the demand remains constant, the equilibrium price falls. Analogous to this would be the growth of the population and the increase of demand with the supply remaining the same or even decreasing. As such, if the governments are unwilling or unable to deal with the problem there could be widespread hunger and not amount of welfare or government intervention would then be able to alleviate the situation for it would already be too late (Issit 2). This concern comes on the heels of the recent UNESCO report showing that while the world is recovering from crisis it still has not addressed the fact that more and more individuals are suffering from hunger and unemployment. The recent studies on population growth reveal that in the next couple of years the increase of human beings per country will exert so much pressure on the demand for natural resources and on the environment that it will cost more to feed each person than it ever has. With there being to emphasis on plans for rehabilitation or a move to more sustainable methods, it remains to be seen whether or not the world will be able to recover from the damage that is projected to be caused. The second reason is because of the fact that the population of the world is growing at a very rapid pace, most especially in the developing countries. As can be seen in the graph below, the exponential increase in population without the corresponding increase in food supply will lead to an imbalance. These are the problems affecting Brazil and in order to solve these, there is a need to implement programs that provide sustainable development. Brazil is currently one of the leaders in methane capture technology and biodiesel. Using this as a springboard, access to cheaper alternative fuels could allow the country to make significant progress in manufacturing. Having cheaper and cleaner energy can provide a two-fold revenue stream that can eventually be used to finance much needed infrastructure projects in the area. The carbon credits from the sale can be used to build schools and training centers while the cheaper energy can be used to boost certain industries within the Brazilian economy as well as bring in foreign companies and investors. Increasing the country’s exports and reducing the imports remains to be the key for Brazil. The highly competitive global market is in constant search for the lowest priced goods and at this point in time Brazil is able to offer that. It is imperative, therefore, that Brazil take advantage of this global sourcing trend and further build on the lead that it has there. Other economic avenues that Brazil could also explore would be in outsourcing. While most of the Asian countries have become highly competitive in this field (e. g. India and the Philippines), there is still a lot of potential in this market. The geographical location of Brazil makes it an ideal investment choice for American firms. One other factor that makes this a viable option for this country is its financial network with the United States makes it easier for capital to enter the country. How to cite World Hunger And Poverty, Papers

Accounting For Depreciation In Relation With Fixed Assets - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Accounting For Depreciation In Relation With Fixed Assets. Answer: This reflection essay will be based on my learning experience in relation to the accounting for depreciation in the context of fixed assets. Prior to this assessment, two research proposals have been developed in relation to this topic and with the help of various analyses, it has been evaluated that depreciation is a type of expense for the organization and this should be marked every year in the financial statements. This also helps the company to analyse the current value of the assets along with the rate of depreciation which needs to be imposed (Epstein McFarlan, 2011). Based on my experience and learning from previous assessments, I learned the significance and the necessity of depreciation in an organization. There are two types of assets current and fixed assets. Current assets are those which can be liquidated within the one year from purchase and fixed assets are those which take more than one year to be liquidated. Amongst the various measures for measuring the value of fixed assets, I have realised that conservative approach will help the organization gain the appropriate results as per the expectations. This approach provides clear and accurate information regarding estimating the value of the fixed assets (Kang Zhao, 2010). Apart from this, I also learned that these approaches are capable enough to cover all the charges in relation to all types of other expenses which would generate clear outcomes in relation to financial statements. As per my opinion, depreciation is quite a useful thing in estimating the actual life of fixed assets and i t leads to increase in the costs of those assets. Fixed assets are long-term tangible properties for organization which helps to generate revenues and to accomplishes the functionalities of organization in an appropriate manner. I realised that the concept of depreciations implemented with the view to increase fixed costs with the view to decrease the profit margin. With the help of depreciation, anticipated fixed costs are increased dramatically and organization could easily determine their profits that will also include the expenses of depreciation (Radu Marius, 2011). On the basis of topic of the research proposal "accounting for depreciation in relation with fixed assets", I have analysed that various accounting entries need to be made to charge the fixed asset as an expense at the end of its life cycle. With the help of these entries, long time usage of the fixed assets could also be reflected. Depreciation is a charge which is imposed on the fixed asset in order to analyse its expected life. For a period of time, fixed assets could be used along with gradually decreasing its value. Along with this, I also realised that on one side depreciation is being charged to record the expense against fixed asset's cost where, on the other hand, revenues are also recorded which are originated from its utilisation. In my opinion, if whole depreciation has been charged in the first year of purchase of the asset then also revenues would be originated from its usage and those will also be reflected in the financial statements of the organization. As per my lea rning experience, this will create negative impact over the financial performance of the organization because revenues and the expenses will not match for the further time period and it will be against the matching principle. Thus, I have realised that charges of depreciation need to be recorded for all the years in which fixed asset has been used for generating revenues (Christensen Nikolaev, 2013). While evaluating the previous assessments, I have realised that all these theories and concepts are just theoretical aspects which differs from the actual outcomes. Revenues cannot be generated with one asset irrespective of its nature i.e. current or fixed. Revenues are originated from the production process and this process indulges group of assets. Apart from this, I have also realised that the depreciation is an expense which is being charged against the cost of the asset in relation to the revenues. The same procedure is being followed for several years till the time, value of that particular asset becomes nil. In the absence of depreciation, whole cost of the fixed asset will be charged in the year of its purchase which will lead to decline in the rate of profits for the organization. In the year under which fixed assets have been purchased, profits of the company will be less in comparison to the past years and future years (Giarola, Shah Bezzo, 2012). Further, in the next ye ar, profits will gradually increase which will leads to mismatch concept. For adopting the principle of consistency, it is required to charge the depreciation against the cost of fixed asset in relation to maintaining the appropriate rate of profits and to show growth of the organization. With the help of this theory, organization will be able to attain its desired goals as well as organization will easily be able to attract the public for raising the capital (Kieso, Weygandt Warfield, 2010). It is necessary to evaluate the factors of depreciation as it plays crucial role in understanding both terms i.e. concept of depreciation and the significance of depreciation. Along with the factors, measures should also be evaluated which are required for evaluating the rate of depreciation which could provide maximum benefits to the organization. Following factors have been evaluated by me after analysing the above assessments: Useful life: It is the time period which a company expects that the particular asset will be useful and will provide sufficient amount of results on the basis of organizational expectations. After that time period, assets efficiency will be evaluated so that appropriate decision could be taken in relevance with the disposition of the asset or for continuing the usage of that asset. In the last year of assets life, whole remaining amount will be charged against the remaining cost of the asset (Warren Jones, 2018). Salvage value: It is the value which is obtained from selling the asset to the scrap dealer. This amount is reduced from the cost of fixed asset and then depreciation is being charged. Method of depreciation: Method of depreciation should be used on the basis of organizational accounting policies and on the basis of useful life of the asset. Accelerated method is the best approach of charging depreciation as this helps the organization to charge more rate of depreciation in the first few years in relation with decreasing the income tax in comparison to the later periods (Rambaud Richard, 2015). In my opinion, depreciation is linked to various issues such as it does not relate to the current value of the asset. Depreciation is charged on the past value of the asset in which it has been purchased irrespective of its current value. While making the companys cash flow and other financial statements, depreciation becomes the major issue. Depreciation cannot be applied to the intangible assets and for amortization is being implemented over these assets with the help of straight-line method (Feng Figliozzi, 2013). Thus, in my point of view depreciation plays crucial role in terms of maintaining the organizational profitability. Depreciation helps the organization to determine the life of asset and it is charged gradually in respect of its life period. Along with this, depreciation should be charged against the cost of the fixed asset and in the first few years of purchase of the asset, amount of depreciation should be charged more in comparison with the further years (Crosby, Devaney Nanda, 2016). References Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?.Review of Accounting Studies,18(3), pp.734-775. Crosby, N., Devaney, S. and Nanda, A., 2016. Which factors drive rental depreciation rates for office and industrial properties? Journal of Real Estate Research,38(3), pp.359-392. Epstein, M.J. and McFarlan, F.W., 2011. Measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of a nonprofit's performance.Strategic finance,93(4), pp.27-35. Feng, W. and Figliozzi, M., 2013. An economic and technological analysis of the key factors affecting the competitiveness of electric commercial vehicles: A case study from the USA market.Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,26, pp.135-145. Giarola, S., Shah, N. and Bezzo, F., 2012. A comprehensive approach to the design of ethanol supply chains including carbon trading effects.Bioresource technology,107, pp.175-185. Kang, S.H. and Zhao, Y., 2010. Information content and value relevance of depreciation: a cross-industry analysis.The Accounting Review,85(1), pp.227-260. Kieso, D.E., Weygandt, J.J. and Warfield, T.D., 2010.Intermediate accounting: IFRS edition(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Radu, D. and Marius, D., 2011. Issues related to the accounting treatment of the tangible and intangible assets depreciation.Annals of the University of Oradea: Economic Science,1(2), pp.498-502. Rambaud, A. and Richard, J., 2015. The Triple Depreciation Line instead of the Triple Bottom Line: towards a genuine integrated reporting.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,33, pp.92-116. Warren, C.S. and Jones, J., 2018.Corporate financial accounting. Cengage Learning.

Child Development Essays (379 words) - Learning, Ethology, Teaching

Child Development In a typical four year old child, many social developments can be viewed. Four year old children are more independent of adults, but yet they seem to want attention from them, as well as peers. They begin to ask permission and they find that the like to have an adult nearby. A child at this age tends to find companionship with the same sex friends, yet best friends change often. During cooperative play they use a lot of verbal speech. A four year old child is able to play alone, yet they will start to play games. Many changes can be viewed when comparing a three year old with a four year old. Robert Disanto has shown many social development skills. Robert enjoys spending time with his peers. Sometimes, Robert watches his peers to see whether or not what he is doing is right; as shown in Kates letter B lesson on 3/7. Robert has shown that he enjoys Tyler's company in Lindsey's nursery rhyme lesson on 3/14. In Katie's lesson on 3/14 Robert shows that he also enjoys Justin's presence as they danced together. On 3/14 Robert also shows that he likes parallel play when he says no to Kate when she asked him if she could play blocks with him. Robert only speaks to the teachers when he is asked a question or when he asks a question. He doesn't tend to seek approval from the teachers or his peers. Overall he seems to have developed socially in many ways. A typical four year old has also developed emotionally in many ways. Four year olds have a sense of humor and tend to help out and share with others. Other emotions start to show like fears, angers, jealousy, and sadness. Typical four year old starts to have bad dreams and they imagine creatures. Children at the age of four start to express their feelings more. Robert has shown his emotions in many ways during my observations. On 3/7 Kate was teaching a lesson on B when Robert smiled and hopped uncontrollably. In another example on 4/11 in Melinda's gross motor lesson, Robert scratched his head in confusion wondering what to do. These are all examples of a four year old child expressing their emotions. Social Issues

Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War Essays

Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War Essays Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War Essay Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War Essay In order to validate the statement, The years from 1952 to 1975 in U. S. history were marked by tremendous political and social turmoil that led to major changes in American society, one would have to evaluate the role played by the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War in bringing about and contributing to those changes.The purpose of this essay is to evaluate whether or not the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement indeed contributed to the social and political turmoil during the time period of 1952-1975 that changes American society in a major way. The Civil Rights Movement is considered to have started in the 1950s, when an open battle began against racial segregation and discrimination. The social factors that contributed to it were the growth of the urban black middle class, and the lasting impression of freedom offered to black soldiers during World War II.The political factors were the political mobilization of northern blacks, which dominated the Democratic Party at this time. After the Cold War ended, many white Americans joined the movement because they felt that the racial injustice was becoming an embarrassment to a country that wanted to be perceived by other nations as a model nation. People that played an important role were labor unions with substantial black membership, ministers, educators, students at black colleges, and other professionals.It was officially kicked off when the United States Supreme Court decided on May 17, 1954 to announce its decision to the Brown v Board of Education in Topeka. This decision declared that segregation of public schools utilizing any method based on race was considered unacceptable under the eyes of the law. This decision came with much tension, and also helped to bring awareness to many other issues of segregation in the South.When Rosa Parks decided to not give up her seat for a white passenger in 1955, it was answered in response by the Supreme Court ruling again that segregating public transportation was also to be illegal. One of the most known leaders of the Civil Rights Movement was Martin Luther King, Jr. His nonviolent methods of protesting racial injustice allowed for many people to join the cause due to the high moral approach that he utilized (Brinkley, p. 745-749. ) The Civil Rights Movement contributed to the major changes in American society.The reason that this is statement is validated is because the efforts of this turmoil during this period is realized today. They accomplished their goals, which were to end racial segregation and stand for equality for all American citizens. While Martin Luther King didn’t live to realize his accomplishments himself, he left behind a legacy that showed many that goals can be accomplished through nonviolent methods. The political changes are that laws were put into place to ensure the goals of Civil Rights activists are upheld.The social changes are that in most cases people are treated equally in regards to race. The Vietnam War, once called the most disastrous of all America’s undertakings over the whole 200 years of history by George Kennan (Brinkley, p. 773) was a war where the United States entered to support South Vietnam. The goal was to help South Vietnam maintain an anticommunist government. What began as providing aid, turned into intervention, and then full-fledged involvement.In the beginning, few Americans protested America’s involvement in the war, however this drastically changed as time continued. Peace marches took place in several major cities, including Washington, D. C. and New York. The Vietnam War was a huge factor in the turmoil of the time period. The turning point was the Tet Offensive, where the American people actually were able to see through news footage, the devastation that was occurring in Saigon, among other places in South Vietnam (Brinkley, p. 773-779).The statement is validated because people learned of what information was not originally being provided to them, and decided that the United States’ involvement should not continue at the extent that it was. The American people got their way with this issue because we succeeded this war. When looking at the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War together, it is quite apparent that these two had a dramatic impact on American political and social change. The American people moved in a different direction, opposing both where they once accepted both.

How to Conduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to Conduct - Research Paper Example To find answers to a research question, a research has to be undertaken. The two major approaches used in conducting a research is collection of secondary data or primary data (Ward & Wilkinson, 2006). However, in my research I used both secondary and primary data. I decided to use primary data collected in the course of the research. To collect these kind of data, I used a design of experiment with one of the learning institutions in these area as my sample, which I divided into different groups and administered different treatments to each group. The major resources used in my research were stationary and questionnaires. These were mainly for the collection of data used to draw a conclusion. I also had to compare the conclusion drawn from the data with information from the available literature concerning motivation and incentives. The main source of these literatures was the internet although I also consulted several library information sources. According to Steneck (2009), there are various rules that govern research in which some of them are federal rules, authorship and publication rules and confidentiality rule. As a person who values research I had to observe these rules from the beginning of my research to the end. From this research, I found out that incentive play a very great role in promoting students’ performance. However, I also found out that the roles motivation plays in enhancing students’ performance vary across the different types of motivation. I learned from this research that the outcome of a research depends on the type of data collected as well as the number of elements used in the collection of these

Comfort Letter Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comfort Letter - Case Study Example 1In the suit, Kleinwort Benson, or KB for brevity, proposed to extend a loan to MMC Metals Ltd or Metals for short, which is a subsidiary of Malaysia Mining Corporation (or Malaysia Ming). In the process of the lending proposal, KB requested from Malaysia Mining a letter to the effect that the latter would assure KB that Metals would pay the liability when it became due. At first, KB wanted to ask for a guarantee from Malaysia Mining. In essence, KB desired a situation that if Metals could not settle the debt, Malaysia Mining, as the parent company, would be under legal obligation to be subrogated into the shoes of Metals, the subsidiary. Malaysia Mining did not heed the call of KB. In lieu of the letter supposedly clearly defining the mother company as a guarantor of the debt of Metals, Malaysia Mining wrote a prudently crafted letter where it was stated that it was the policy of the company (Malaysia Mining) to ensure that Metals would always be in a capacity to pay back what was b orrowed from KB. The carefully worded correspondence is now the so-called comfort letter at issue. When Metals became troubled with insolvency owing to the predicaments of the tin industry because of the problematic world market, KB claimed payment from Malaysia Mining for the obligation of Metals. KB charged that Malaysia Mining had made a promise to prevent going into a situation where it could not pay its debts. The question now is whether or not Malaysia Mining is liable to KB on the basis of the language set forth in the comfort letter. The court that finally ruled the case answered in the negative. In this paper, independent views are hereby conveyed regarding the matter. The facts have to be analyzed in sufficient detail. At the outset, it is undisputed that KB requested from Malaysia Mining a documentary guarantee whereby the latter would have been bound by the accountability of its subsidiary. From this act and notion alone, it was readily clear that without that guarantee, KB was not holding on anything as would make Malaysia Mining a co-debtor or co-borrower of Metals. It was precisely because of this vacuum that KB asked for a written commitment from Malaysia Mining for the latter to give an assurance for the payment of the loan in the possibility that Metals would not be able to pay the debt. Malaysia Mining refused and the refusal manifestly exhibited the position of the parent corporation that it did not opt to become a co-borrower of its subsidiary or to stand as its guarantor. When KB pushed through with the loan covenant, it took the risk of probably failing to collect from Metals. When indeed Metals was not able to settle the liability, there was no reason to make Malaysia Mining legally responsible to tender payment based on the comfort letter which it sent to KB because, in the first place, there was nothing in the comfort letter making or even presuming Malaysia Mining to be so liable. Going to the language used by Malaysia Mining, the ruling in its favor became more convincing when it declared no commitment to pay for and in behalf of Metals by refusing to sign a guarantee. It simply made known a policy which was not a promise or a pledge. To make a comparison, one who says it is his policy to be honest is different from when he promises to be honest. A policy of the state for space exploration is not a promise for definite courses of action to explore the space. Neither

Process of Job Evaluation and Determining Pay

Process of Job Evaluation and Determining Pay Motivation is the process by which the behaviour of an individual is influenced by others, through their power to offer or withhold satisfaction of the individuals needs and goals. (BPP Learning Media, 2010) Motivation theories are divided into two different viewpoints. See content and process theories of motivation in (Appendix 1). Content theories emphasis what motivations are, whereas process theories emphasise the real process of motivation. On the other hand reward is something that employees achieve during their work. It can be financial when the company pays for their performance and it can be non-financial which in this case means that the company rewards employees by promotion, achievement and praise. Maslow puts forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work (Mullins, 2005). See (Appendix 2). Maslow mentions in his theory that managers following this theory deflect their attentiveness to offering complementary pleasing relationships, more attractive work, and more opportunities for self-fulfillment. On the other hand, Herzberg in his theory suggests that there are two basic needs of individuals such as hygiene factors (environmental factors) and motivation factors. See (Appendix 3). Managers following Herzbergs theory reject money as a motivator and pay attention to supplying more job enhancements. According to McGregors theory, managers may follow two different theories which is theory X and theory Y. Pursuant to theory X, the average employee dislikes work and will avoid it whether he/she knows what to do or not, that is why employers suggest Theory Y which leads them to do excellent job and managers offer opportunities to have a job done. However, McClelland focuses interest on providing employees with the capability to persuade their needs for success, power, and relationship. Companies use both positive amplification and negative amplification to motivate employees. Managers may use positive motivation techniques to persuade employees to create good quality job. Some managers may use negative motivation techniques to encourage employees and stop them from bad manners. However, companies reward their employees with both touchable products, as well as admire. Mangers may reward their employees by providing weekly or monthly bonus or free lunches, many managers reward their top employees by praising them. For example: Tesco uses two motivation theories Maslows and Herzbergs, see both hierarchies in (Appendix 4). Tesco uses Maslows theory because it suggests the company if they achieve one level then it motivates them to achieve the next one. Also Tesco aims to motivate its staff both by paying interest to hygiene factors and by enabling satisfiers. For example, Tesco motivates its staff by good communication, by giving responsibility and involving employees in decision making. Tesco allows the staffs to be part of the talks on pay rises. This shows credit of the work that staff does and rewards them. In Tesco, they reward staff for their works because it keeps motivating them at work and will carry on applying different motivation theories at work. Monetary reward uses by Tesco in a way of getting employees to welcome the complete value of their benefits package. Tesco also follows pension system and this usually includes pension assistance that the employer creates on the employees behalf and being process in payroll department. They also reward employees by giving them extra benefits such as car insurance and private medical insurance, by special offers and discounts. See Tescos reward system in (Appendix 5). Evaluate the process of job evaluation and other factors determining pay The Process of Job Evaluation: Job evaluation is a systematic process for defining the relative worth or size of jobs within an organisation in order to establish internal relativities. It provides the basis for designing an equitable grade and pay structure, grading jobs in the structure and managing job and pay relativities.(Armstrong, 2006) Job evaluation is really an extensive process and it must follow in a systematic approach. At the beginning of this process management must make clear to its employees the reason of this program and importance of it. After that a group has been fixed where all the knowledgeable HR specialists and employees are included. In the next step organisation chooses the job from each department that they are going to evaluate. Then the selected job is investigated in detail by the committee. Next, the committee chooses a method for the job evaluation. There are two methods that can be followed to evaluate a job and these are: Analytical points rating, factor comparison, proprietary brands; and Non-analytical job ranking, job classification, paired comparisons. The other factors determining pay: The pay, which is an award for work, can be influenced by various factors and it creates some difference between the roles and the organisations. Those factors are as follows: Size of the organisation, Seniority, Skills and experience, Industry sector, Profitability of the organisation, Employee performance. See (Appendix 6) for more detail. The effectiveness of reward systems in different contexts Bratton and Gold (2003) define a reward system as The mix of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards provided by the employer. It also consists of the integrated policies, processes, practices and administrative procedures for implementing the system within the framework of the human resources (HR) strategy and the total organisational system. There are two types of rewards: Extrinsic rewards which are tangible rewards that employee receives for their good performance, such as bonuses, salary raise, gifts, promotion, compensation and commissions. Intrinsic rewards are inclined to give personal satisfaction to an employee, such as information, feedback, recognition, trust and relationship. Employee bonus systems are positive strategies and they can provide actual motivation. Moreover to monetary thoughts; bonus systems take into account factors such as attendance, customer service, quality, group and individual performance. Also bonuses increase employees motivation and output. It improves employees morale and increases their self-esteem. However, a carefully planned bonus scheme can improve retention which helps to preserve the best employees. Salary raise is the other types of reward system and it is one of the most significant motivators for the employee, also it is the key motivation behind an employees performance. Promotion is one of the most important types of reward system, where an organisation rewards an employee by moving them from their position to a higher position. Promotion improves employees morale and job satisfaction. However, improved performance is an effectiveness of reward system; it helps the employee to perform better at work in order to get extra reward from the organisation. At the same time employees also put their efforts, skills and knowledge which help them to learn something new. However, reward system also boosts profit, where a company has good opportunity to make profit because employee works honestly and carefully. It also helps to bring positive psychological contract between employees and the organisation; it creates a better working environment and helps organisation to keep gifted, potential employees with them. Examine the methods organisations use to monitor employee performance. There are some methods that are used by Tesco to monitor their employees performance. Tesco uses observation and feedback to monitor their employees performance. In this system Tesco hires someone to monitor the performance of the employee, after that this person provides straightforward feedback. By observing and providing feedback Tesco can give the accurate shape to the employees of what is expected from them. Tesco also uses performance standards and it is one of the employee performances monitoring system where performance has been compared with the criterion and where employee needs to accomplish this criterion. In this system performance must be realistic, measurable and expressed in terms of time, quality, cost, quantity, effect, or manner of performance. Performance evaluation is another method that used by Tesco to determine the actual job performance of an employee against chosen performance standards. In Tesco employees are interviewed to talk about their performance to identify strengths and weaknesses, and to create a plan how to improve weaknesses and increase strengths. Tesco also uses a method known as 360-degree appraisal (Business Case Studies, 2013). In this method all Tescos stakeholders evaluate an employees performance and give them feedback. For example, a manager of one department gets feedback from their manager from HR department and their team. Conclusion: The conclusion of this report shows that employees motivation and reward are very important. There are many types of theories of motivation such as Maslows, Herzbergs, McClellands and McGregors theories. Each theory has a slightly different view of leaders and employees motivation. Motivation is managers action to influence employees behaviour at work, so that perform as required in order to achieve organisational goals. Reward management can be view as a type of management practice where employees are rewarded for their performance. Rewards can be tangible and intangible benefits for the employee as part of employment relationship. Employees consider the reward as a return in exchange of their performance being appreciated by their employer.

The wise judge

Anna and Her Toys Once there was a little girl named Anna who is very active in her class. She participates in all the contests and she always wins. She always perfects her quizzes and she always recites in their discussions. She is the top of their class. Her parents are very proud of her achievements and as a reward they give everything that she wants. She demanded for toys and for new gadgets. They gave her everything she asked for.So she played all day long and forgotten all her assignments. She didn't want to study because she is so distracted with her toys and gadgets. She didn't even want to go to school anymore. She Just wanted to stay at home and play. Because of that, her grades became low and she's not the top of her class anymore. Her parents even scolded her but she didn't care because she loves her toys and gadgets so much. One night, the little girl dreamt about her toys.They became bigger than she is and they were holding her parents taking them away from her, she tri ed to chase them and save them but she was way too small to keep up. Anna woke up crying and went running to the room of her parents. She hugged them and promised them that she will study very well again and be the top of her class. She then kept her toys In a box and only played with them when she finishes her home works and at weekends.

Aim and Objectives of a Business

Aims And ObjectiveAims are the goal the business wants to achieve while on the other hand objectives are practical steps to achieve the goal; it is very beneficial to set aims and objectives because it will help the business to be successful whether the goals are good or bad. Failing to set aims objectives will invariably make the business fails or damage it in the long term. In every business sector, Aims and objectives are essential be it private, public and non-for profit organisations. When businesses set aims and objectives, there is a greater degree of a tendency for the business to reach its potential goal or vision. When private sector businesses provide goods and services, they in turn make profit.For example, Aldi as a private limited company delivers value and lower prices for their customers to gain their loyalty and to maximise profits. They able to deliver in this manner due to increase sales and reducing cost of productions. All these processes bring about increase an d expansion of the business. Public Sector organisations are owned and controlled by the government (or local government). They provide quality services to their customers by helping to provide public services to their customers. These services are often free at the point of delivery e.g. the NHS. They provide goods paid for by the consumer.For example, if I pay for a ‘sexually transmitted disease (VD) jab I will benefit directly by being less likely to be in discomfort with the sexually transmitted disease (VD). But others also benefit because they are not going to catch the sexually transmitted disease from me. Another example of Public sector goods are ‘non-rival’ in consumption and ‘non-excludable’ in provision. An example of this is street lighting. If I walk down the street, taking the benefit of the street lights, the light I ‘consume’ leaves no less light for anyone else to consume. Because the good is ‘non-excludableâ€℠¢ a private business would have trouble making money out of it, so they tend not to bother.For this reason these goods are unlikely to be provided at all unless the government provides them out of general taxation which rest on the citizenry to pay. Not-for profit sector they raise funds to support a cause like helping people in need, they make surplus after the expenses of the business then, they reinvest the profits back into the business for expansion. They increase revenue from donations to carry out its various projects like water aid, schools and hospitals that are needed in Africa  countries.The Purpose For Setting Aims And ObjectivesThe purpose or reason for setting aims and objectives is because they are beneficial to the business whether good or bad. It is important to note that the business that does not set aims and objectives is band to fail or damage. As a business you make plans, SMART objectives have to be in place for the business to move forward and for it to rea ch its desire goal. It is also important to write out your mission statement because when you write out your mission, it become the vision that propels the business forward..Setting aims and objectives help the business to make profit for example you want to make 100% every week but without the aims and objectives you will not be able to measure your achievement or progress in your business. Sitting aims objectives will enable you to check if you have reached your set goals and objectives. It will also help you to be realistic and time-bound in your business goals. It also will help you reach your set targets, for example your aim is to make more profit in your business the time-bound will help you to know what you have achieved or if you are behind.The aims that would be appropriate for the sandwich shop are: To make profit as much as possible by maximising the profit and also increase sales. Growth for the business to expand and to have more sandwich branches. The sandwich shop ha s to stay in business until the business improves.ObjectivesThe sandwich shop has to provide a quality service to their customer to win them over to increase sales. The sandwich shop can reduce cost in order to retain and gain more customers. The sandwich shop can improve the quantity of the sandwich in order to stay and compete with other businesses.

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